To Know --- a word study on the Hebrew words that contain definitions which include forms of to know in the paragraphs

The verb "to know" as it appears in Mounce's Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words - from LifeWay or Wordsearch or both

Clarification by Rick Livermore: The digital version of the book also contains new testament information about the verb "to know" but for the purposes of this blog post, the new testament word studies were left out. That project was already assigned to me as a previous blog post. 

The word "to know" 

Mounce's Complete Expository Dictionary of OT/NT Words: Hebrew/Greek-English Dictionary - Greek-English Dictionary - 

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Mounce's Complete Expository Dictionary of OT/NT Words: Expository Dictionary - Expository Dictionary - A - Ability

Noun: ‏דַּעַת‎ (daʿat), GK 1981 (S ), 88x. Derived from the verb yādaʿ (GK 3359, “to know”), daʿat means “knowledge” in all spheres of life. It can also denote any special ability one has. See knowledge.

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Expository Dictionary - A - Acknowledge

Verb: ‏יָדַע‎ (yādaʿ), GK 3359 (S ), 956x. yādaʿ expresses a wide range of meanings connected to the idea of “knowing” or “understanding.” See know.

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Expository Dictionary - A - Acknowledge

Verb: ‏נָכַר‎ (nākar), GK 5795 (S ), 44x. nākar (which occurs mostly in the Hiphil form) refers to general knowing, such as the basic awareness of another’s existence or the acknowledgment of who a person is. See recognize.

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Expository Dictionary - C - Choose

Verb: ‏בָּחֲר‎ (bāḥar), GK 1047 (S ), 172x. bāḥar means “to choose, select, prefer.” While this word has secular uses, it is also intimately linked with God’s election of Israel as a nation and of individuals within the nation (although note that other words also speak of the concept of election, such as “know, separate, establish, call”).

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Expository Dictionary - D - Discern

Verb: ‏בִּין‎ (b̂n), GK 1067 (S ), 171x. b̂n is most commonly found in the wisdom literature, especially Job and Proverbs. It is sometimes used in the general sense of “to know” (Prov. 24:12; Mic. 4:12), but more often refers to a technical, detailed, or specific understanding. Alternate translations such as “perceive, discern” may more readily capture the nuance of the term. See understand.

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Expository Dictionary - D - Disguise

Verb: ‏נָכַר‎ (nākar), GK 5795 (S ), 44x. nākar (which occurs mostly in the Hiphil form) refers to general knowing, such as the basic awareness of another’s existence or the acknowledgment of who a person is. In rare instances and forms, nākar appears to bear the meaning “make unrecognizable, act as a stranger, disguise oneself.” See recognize.

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Expository Dictionary - D - Distinguish

Verb: ‏נָכַר‎ (nākar), GK 5795 (S ), 44x. nākar (which occurs mostly in the Hiphil form) refers to general knowing, such as the basic awareness of another’s existence or the distinguishing of who one person is versus another. See recognize.

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Expository Dictionary - K - Know

Verb: ‏בִּין‎ (b̂n), GK 1067 (S ), 171x. b̂n is most commonly found in the wisdom literature, especially Job and Proverbs. It is sometimes used in the general sense of “to know” (Prov. 24:12; Mic. 4:12), but more often refers to a technical, detailed, or specific understanding. See understand.

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Expository Dictionary - K - Know

Verb: ‏יָדַע‎ (yādaʿ), GK 3359 (S ), 956x. yādaʿ expresses a wide range of meanings connected to the idea of “knowing” or “understanding.” In general, the epistemology of the OT is far more holistic than that of Western philosophy. Thus, knowledge gained through sensory experience and that which comes through intellectual apperception are not distinguished categorically; rather, both are viewed as valid and necessary aspects of knowledge acquisition.

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Expository Dictionary - K - Know

(4) That yādaʿ includes a sense of relationship is evident, for the verb expresses sexual intimacy within the marriage covenant: “Adam lay with [lit., knew] his wife Eve, and she became pregnant” (Gen. 4:1; cf. also 1 Sam. 1:19). In a more general sense of relationship, yādaʿ can describe friendship (Job 19:13) or even an acquaintance (Gen. 29:5).

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Expository Dictionary - K - Knowledge

Noun: ‏דַּעַת‎ (daʿat), GK 1981 (S ), 88x. Derived from the verb yādaʿ (GK 3359, “to know”), daʿat means “knowledge” in all spheres of life. (1) Its first occurrence is in Gen. 2:9, 17, in which Adam and Eve are prohibited from eating of “the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.” This first mention of daʿat in the Bible pertains to moral knowledge. Traditionally, this tree has been understood as a revelation of the clear distinction between good and evil, which the first pair would have known either through their obedience or their disobedience.

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Expository Dictionary - L - Lie Down

(3) Equally important is the use of the verse for having sexual relations (similar to our expression, “sleeping with someone”). God’s law outlines numerous improper occasions for sexual relations with the expression “lying with someone” (Lev. 15:20, 24, 26; 20:11-13; Deut. 27:20-23). This phrase can denote rape (Gen. 34:2; Deut. 22:25). In Gen. 19:23, 33 it is used for the incestuous relations between Lot and his daughters. It is significant that in almost all occurrences of this meaning, šākab denotes improper sexual relationships; for appropriate sexual relations between husband and wife, the common verb to use is yādaʿ (GK 3359, “to know,” e.g., Gen. 4:1). See NIDOTTE, 4:100-102.

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Expository Dictionary - N - Notice

Verb: ‏נָכַר‎ (nākar), GK 5795 (S ), 44x. nākar (which occurs mostly in the Hiphil form) refers to general knowing, such as the basic awareness of another’s existence or the taking notice of who a person is. See recognize.

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Expository Dictionary - P - Perceive

Verb: ‏בִּין‎ (b̂n), GK 1067 (S ), 171x. b̂n is most commonly found in the wisdom literature, especially Job and Proverbs. It is sometimes used in the general sense of “to know” (Prov. 24:12; Mic. 4:12), but more often refers to a technical, detailed, or specific understanding. Alternate translations such as “perceive, discern” may more readily capture the nuance of the term. See understand.

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Expository Dictionary - R - Recognize

(1) Unlike the verb yādaʿ (GK 3359, see know), which normally implies a measure of intimacy or comprehensiveness in one’s knowing, nākar (which occurs mostly in the Hiphil form) refers only to general knowing, such as the basic awareness of another’s existence or the acknowledgment of who a person is. In various contexts, it is best rendered “recognize” (Gen. 27:23), “inspect” (37:32), “acknowledge, take notice” (Ruth 2:10), and “distinguish” (Ezr. 3:13).

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Expository Dictionary - R - Recognize

(2) In rare instances and forms, nākar appears to bear the meaning “make unrecognizable, act as a stranger, disguise oneself.” While some scholars see this use as a different verb that uses the same root letters, the use of nākar in the story of Joseph’s reunion with his brothers in Gen. 42:7-8 makes this unlikely. The verb appears four times and includes both meanings. We are told that Joseph recognizes (nākar) his brothers (vv.7-8), but disguises himself and pretended to be a stranger (nākar) before revealing his true identity. Joseph is aware of who his brothers are, though he does not know what to expect from them because he does not know them intimately. Indeed, it has been over twenty-five years since they have been together! That nākar is used in this single context with both meanings suggests that there is only one Hebrew word. This means that the concept of stranger is related to the kind of knowing described by the verb and demonstrates the lack of intimate knowledge. 

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Expository Dictionary - S - See

Verb: ‏רָאָה‎ (rāʾâ), GK 8011 (S and ), 1,311x. rāʾâ is the most frequent Heb. verb for “seeing,” encompassing a variety of actions including physical, visionary, and mental. “Seeing” often pictures how God interacts with humans, how God makes himself known to humans, and how humans then interact with God.

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Expository Dictionary - U - Understand

Verb: ‏בִּין‎ (b̂n), GK 1067 (S ), 171x. b̂n is most commonly found in the wisdom literature, especially Job and Proverbs. It is sometimes used in the general sense of “to know” (Prov. 24:12; Mic. 4:12), but more often refers to a technical, detailed, or specific understanding. It describes a depth of knowledge beyond mere awareness, but does not seem to include a relational aspect (like, e.g., ydʿ, GK 3359; see know). Thus, alternate translations such as “perceive,” “discern,” or “gain insight” may more readily capture the nuance of the term.

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Expository Dictionary - U - Understand

Verb: ‏יָדַע‎ (yādaʿ), GK 3359 (S ), 956x. yādaʿ expresses a wide range of meanings connected to the idea of “knowing” or “understanding.” See know.

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Expository Dictionary - W - (Be) Wise

Verb: ‏שָׁכַל‎ (šākal), GK 8505 (S ), 60x. šākal means “to be wise (Prov. 15:24), understand (Isa. 41:20), prosper/be successful (1 Sam. 18:5, 14-15).” Human beings have a great desire to learn and to gain understanding. This is what the serpent took advantage of in the Garden of Eden, because he knew that Adam and Eve had an insatiable “desire for gaining wisdom” (Gen. 3:6).[1]

Appendix / Bibliography

[1] Mounce, William D., ed. Mounce's Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words: Expository Dictionary. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2006. WORDsearch CROSS e-book. 

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