Excerpt from Vine's Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words

AFFLICT (-ED), AFFLICTION A. Verbs. 1. kakoo (κακόω, 2559) is translated “afflict, in Acts 12:1, rv (kjv, “vex”). See affect. 2. kakoucheo (κακουχέω, 2558), from kakos, “evil,” and echo, “to have,” signifies, in the passive voice, “to suffer ill, to be maltreated, tormented,” Heb. 11:37 (kjv, “tormented,” rv, “afflicted”); 13:3, kjv, “suffer adversity,” rv, evil entreated. See entreat, torment.¶ In the Sept., 1 Kings, 2:26; 11:39.¶ Note: Sunkakoucheo (sun, “with,” and No. 1), “to be evil entreated with,” is used in Heb. 11:25.¶ 3. kakopatheo (κακοπαθέω, 2553), from kakos, “evil,” pathos, “suffering,” signifies “to suffer hardship.” So the rv in 2 Tim. 2:9; and 4:5; in Jas. 5:13, “suffer” (kjv, “afflicted). See endure, suffer.¶ Note: For sunkakopatheo, 2 Tim. 1:8, see hardship. 4. thlibo (θλίβω, 2346), “to suffer affliction, to be troubled,” has reference to sufferings due to the pressure of circumstances, or the antagonism of persons, 1 Thess. 3:4; 2 Thess. 1:6–7; “straitened,” in Matt. 7:14 (rv); “throng,” Mark 3:9; “afflicted,” 2 Cor. 1:6; 7:5 (rv); 1 Tim. 5:10; Heb. 11:37; “pressed,” 2 Cor. 4:8. Both the verb and the noun (see B, No. 4), when used of the present experience of believers, refer almost invariably to that which comes upon them from without. See narrow, press, straitened, throng, tribulation, trouble.¶ 5. talaiporeo (ταλαιπωρέω, 5003), “to be afflicted,” is used in Jas. 4:9, in the middle voice (“afflict yourselves”). It is derived from tlao, “to bear, undergo,” and poros, “a hard substance, a callus,” which metaphorically came to signify that which is miserable.¶ Note: Talaiporia (akin to No. 5) denotes “misery, hardship,” Rom. 3:16; Jas. 5:1.¶ The corresponding adjective is talaiporos, “wretched,” Rom. 7:24; Rev. 3:17.¶ B. Nouns. 1. kakopatheia (κακοπάθεια, 2552), from kakos, “evil,” and pascho, “to suffer” is rendered “suffering” in Jas. 5:10, rv (kjv, “suffering affliction”).¶ In Sept., Mal. 1:13.¶ 2. kakosis (κάκωσις, 2561), “affliction, ill treatment,” is used in Acts 7:34.¶ 3. pathema (πάθημα, 3804), from pathos, “suffering,” signifies “affliction.” The word is frequent in Paul’s epistles and is found three times in Hebrews, four in 1 Peter; it is used (a) of “afflictions,” Rom. 8:18, etc.; of Christ’s “sufferings,” 1 Pet. 1:11; 5:1; Heb. 2:9; of those as shared by believers, 2 Cor. 1:5; Phil. 3:10; 1 Pet. 4:13; 5:1; (b) of “an evil emotion, passion,” Rom. 7:5; Gal. 5:24. The connection between the two meanings is that the emotions, whether good or evil, were regarded as consequent upon external influences exerted on the mind (cf. the two meanings of the English “passion”). It is more concrete than No. 1, and expresses in sense (b) the uncontrolled nature of evil desires, in contrast to epithumia, the general and comprehensive term, lit., “what you set your heart upon” (Trench, Syn. Sec. lxxxvii). Its concrete character is seen in Heb. 2:9. See affection, motion, passion, suffering. Note: The corresponding verbal form pathētos, used in Acts 26:23 or the sufferings of Christ, signifies “destined to suffer.¶ 4. thlipsis (θλίψις, 2347) primarily means “a pressing, pressure” (see A, No. 4), anything which burdens the spirit. In two passages in Paul’s Epistles it is used of future retribution, in the way of “affliction,” Rom. 2:9; 2 Thess. 1:6. In Matt. 24:9, the kjv renders it as a verb, “to be afflicted,” (rv, “unto tribulation”). It is coupled with stenochoria, “anguish,” in Rom. 2:9; 8:35; with ananke, “distress,” 1 Thess. 3:7; with diogmos, “persecution,” Matt. 13:21; Mark 4:17; 2 Thess. 1:4. It is used of the calamities of war, Matt. 24:21, 29; Mark 13:19, 24; of want, 2 Cor. 8:13, lit., “distress for you”; Phil. 4:14 (cf. 1:16); Jas. 1:27; of the distress of woman in childbirth, John 16:21; of persecution, Acts 11:19; 14:22; 20:23; 1 Thess. 3:3, 7; Heb. 10:33; Rev. 2:10; 7:14; of the “afflictions” of Christ, from which (His vicarious sufferings apart) his followers must not shrink, whether sufferings of body or mind, Col. 1:24; of sufferings in general, 1 Cor. 7:28; 1 Thess. 1:6, etc. See anguish, burdened, distress, persecution, tribulation, trouble.

W. E. Vine, Merrill F. Unger, and William White Jr., Vine’s Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words (Nashville, TN: T. Nelson, 1996), 17–18.

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